Motion in Two Dimensions Notes | Two Dimensional motion
From the above relations we can say that two-dimensional motion is nothing but superimpose of two one dimension motions. This is for the reason that in any two-dimensional motion, all the parameters can be resolved in two mutually perpendicular directions.
Frame of Reference
A frame of reference is a set of coordinate axes which is fixed with respect to a space point (a body or n object can also be treated as a point mass and therefore it can become a site for fixing a reference frame), which we have arbitrarily chosen as per our observer requirement. It is constituted of two components:
(i) Body on which observer is apparently sitting to observe the motion, i.e. the origin.
(ii) A coordinate system fixed on this body so that whatever is being observed can be measured or mathematically determined with the help of the coordinates of space points, which are defined by a unique set of (x, y, z). To fix a frame of reference one has to fix the origin to a chosen space point and then fix the co-ordinate system on it. Once the origin and coordinate system are fixed, then we have done the exercise of fixing the frame of reference and we can proceed to solve problems and study various parameters i.e. position, velocity, accelerations as functions o time.
Here, an important thing to notice is that earth becomes a natural choice for the frame of reference as in most of the cases it is very easy to visualize the motion with respect to it. As it is a routine in our daily life we innocently (even in early childhood) refer and perceive all motion phenomenon with respect to earth only.
While analyzing any motion we will take the help of the coordinate system. What we shall do is that we shall keep ourselves free to take it there. This is called a frame of reference because we shall refer to all positions in this coordinate system fixed on that body. Here, remembers that we fix all three axis of coordinate system i.e.
X-axis. Y-axis and Z-axis as well as the origin on the body and the coordinates of origin are (0, 0, 0). It is the origin where we mostly assume that the observer is sitting to observe the motion in the concerned reference frame.
Motion of Moon in the Night Sky
Let us come back to the concept of motion. Do you believe that all what you see moving is in motion and what you see not moving is at rest! Like vehicles on road! You should be warned that motion or observation of motion is really not that simple!
Let us take an example: The moon in the night sky! Some time at night you see that moon is travelling across the clouds towards east or west. And in some other nights it doesn't move at all! We shall all agree that it cannot be. It cannot sometimes move faster and sometime slower and sometimes become stationary. Then, what is the phenomenon there?
Moon in the Night Sky
We start with the first point that whenever we speak of any motion it should be with respect to some fixed frame of reference. So, when we see the moon moving. It is not with certainly one can point out that in the night when it looked stationary there were no clouds. So it is an effect of the clouds. The fact is that if we have clouds in some nights moving towards west or east then we see moon travelling towards east or west in the sky respectively. How to explain it with the help of reference frames? It is like this. When we see two objects in the sky one moon and other a cloud, then due to relatively bigger size of clouds (as seen by us) one gets his eyes fixed on clouds and therefore frame of reference gets fixed on the clouds (Figure shown above). It is equivalent to say that we are sitting on the clouds itself, which looks stationary to us and the feeling comes, as if moon is travelling across this stationary cloud in the opposite direction to the clods motion (see figure given above). Similarly, we see things going backwards when we travel on a road.
Now let us deliberately fix our eyes on the moon and see. What we are doing now is that we are fixing frame of reference on the moon. It is equivalent to say that we are sitting on the moon to observe the cloud's motion and now we can see clouds drifting away (which is the fact). See Figure shown above.
An important observation to remember is that once we choose an object as a frame of reference, we can't see it moving with respect to itself. Naturally, in most of the cases of observations the Earth becomes a natural choice for the reference frame. Also, based on the choice of reference frames one can have many apparent motion of an object under consideration.
Here one important point to be noted is that in all previous discussion we have assumed that the reference frames are not accelerating, which means it's acceleration is zero. These are called inertial or un accelerated frames of reference. Now obviously, we are left with one more choice of class of reference frames that is the accelerated ones. These are called
non-inertial or accelerated frame of reference. But in all the forthcoming exercises in this chapter we shall deal with and look only for inertial frames of reference.
Relative Motion
Consider a observer S is fixed to the earth. The other observer S' is moving on the earth, say a passenger sitting on a bus. Hence other frame of reference S' is fixed with bus. Each observer is studying the motion of a cyclist in his or her own frame of reference. Each observer will record a displacement, velocity and acceleration for the cyclist measured relative to his reference frame. Now the question is "How will we compare their results"?. To do this we need the concept of relative motion. Let us do it.
In figure shown above at the top, the reference frame S, represented by the x and y-axes, can be thought of as fixed to the earth. The other reference frame S', represented by x'- and y'-axes, which moves along the x-axis with a constant velocity u, measured in the s-system, fixed with the bus.
Initially, a particle is at a point called A in the S-frame and called A' in the S'-frame. At a time t later, the reference frame S' has moved a distance ut to the right and particle has moved to B.
Did You Know
- The relative velocity between S and S' must be a constant.
- At any instant, the velocity the velocity of a particle as measured by S is equal to the velocity of the particle as measured by S'.
- Law of transformation of velocity permits us to transform a measurement of velocity made by an observer in one frame reference to another frame of reference.
- The reference frames which are not accelerating are called inertial frame of reference.
Question 1:-
For a body, moving along a straight line, the average velocity is equal to its instantaneous velocity. The motion of the body should be:
(a) uniform (b) uniformly accelerated
(c) non-uniformly accelerated (d) may be uniform or non-uniform
Question 2:-
A toy car is moving in a circular track covering equal distances in equal intervals of time. This shows that the toy car is moving with:
(a) uniform velocity (b) varying speed
(c) uniformly acceleration (d) uniform speed and acceleration of fixed magnitude
Question 3:-
A bomb is released by a horizontal flying aeroplane. The trajectory of the bomb is:
(a) straight line (b) circle (c) hyperbola (d) parabola
Question 4:-
A body is dropped from a height of 490 m from the ground. It will hit the ground after:
(a) 10 s (b) 20 s (c) 30 s (d) 33 s
